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# 5.4. Database 和数据库打交道
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# 5.5. Database 和数据库打交道
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本节将对 db/sql 官方标准库作一些简单分析,并介绍一些应用比较广泛的开源 orm 和 sql builder。并从企业级应用开发和公司架构的角度来分析哪种技术栈对于现代的企业级应用更为合适。
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# 5.6. Ratelimit 服务流量限制
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计算机程序可依据其瓶颈分为 IO-bound,或 CPU-bound,我们这里先刨除掉存储类系统。web 系统打交道最多的实际上就是网络,从 linux 引入了 epoll 的 API 之后,我们可以借助其轻松解决当年的 C10k 问题,实现一个简单的 echo 服务器。随着编程语言的发展,很多编程语言对这些系统调用又进一步进行了封装,所以做应用层开发,压根儿不会在程序中看到 epoll 之类的字眼,大多数时候我们就只要聚焦中业务逻辑上就好,不用管底层是用的 epoll 还是 kqueue。时至今日,C10k 都已经很少被人所提起,我们写一个简单的 `hello world` 程序:
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"io"
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"log"
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"net/http"
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)
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func sayhello(wr http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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wr.WriteHeader(200)
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io.WriteString(wr, "hello world")
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}
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func main() {
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http.HandleFunc("/", sayhello)
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err := http.ListenAndServe(":9090", nil)
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal("ListenAndServe:", err)
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}
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}
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```
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并借助 wrk,在家用电脑 Macbook Pro 上对其进行基准测试,Mac 的硬件情况如下:
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```shell
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CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-5257U CPU @ 2.70GHz
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Core: 2
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Threads: 4
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Graphics/Displays:
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Chipset Model: Intel Iris Graphics 6100
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Resolution: 2560 x 1600 Retina
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Memory Slots:
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Size: 4 GB
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Speed: 1867 MHz
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Size: 4 GB
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Speed: 1867 MHz
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Storage:
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Size: 250.14 GB (250,140,319,744 bytes)
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Media Name: APPLE SSD SM0256G Media
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Size: 250.14 GB (250,140,319,744 bytes)
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Medium Type: SSD
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```
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测试结果:
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```shell
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~ ❯❯❯ wrk -c 10 -d 10s -t10 http://localhost:9090
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Running 10s test @ http://localhost:9090
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10 threads and 10 connections
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Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
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Latency 339.99us 1.28ms 44.43ms 98.29%
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Req/Sec 4.49k 656.81 7.47k 73.36%
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449588 requests in 10.10s, 54.88MB read
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Requests/sec: 44513.22
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Transfer/sec: 5.43MB
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~ ❯❯❯ wrk -c 10 -d 10s -t10 http://localhost:9090
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Running 10s test @ http://localhost:9090
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10 threads and 10 connections
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Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
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Latency 334.76us 1.21ms 45.47ms 98.27%
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Req/Sec 4.42k 633.62 6.90k 71.16%
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443582 requests in 10.10s, 54.15MB read
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Requests/sec: 43911.68
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Transfer/sec: 5.36MB
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~ ❯❯❯ wrk -c 10 -d 10s -t10 http://localhost:9090
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Running 10s test @ http://localhost:9090
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10 threads and 10 connections
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Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
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Latency 379.26us 1.34ms 44.28ms 97.62%
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Req/Sec 4.55k 591.64 8.20k 76.37%
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455710 requests in 10.10s, 55.63MB read
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Requests/sec: 45118.57
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Transfer/sec: 5.51MB
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```
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多次测试的结果在 4w 左右的 QPS浮动,响应时间最多也就是 40ms 左右,对于一个 web 程序来说,这已经是很不错的成绩了。这还只是家用 PC,线上服务器大多都是 24 核心起,32G 内存+,CPU 基本都是 Intel I7。所以同样的程序在服务器上运行会得到更好的结果。
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真实环境的程序要比我们这里的 `hello world` 复杂得多,有些程序偏 IO bound,例如一些 proxy 服务、存储服务、缓存服务;有些程序偏 CPU/GPU bound,例如登陆校验服务、图像处理服务。不同的程序瓶颈会体现在不同的地方,这里提到的这些功能单一的服务相对来说还算容易分析。如果碰到业务逻辑复杂代码量巨大的模块,其瓶颈并不是三下五除二可以推测出来的,还是需要我们拿真实的环境来进行压力测试。
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