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@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
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## 九、正则表达式
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> 原文：[Regular Expressions](https://eloquentjavascript.net/09_regexp.html)
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>
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> 译者：[飞龙](https://github.com/wizardforcel)
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>
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> 协议：[CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
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>
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> 自豪地采用[谷歌翻译](https://translate.google.cn/)
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>
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> 部分参考了[《JavaScript 编程精解（第 2 版）》](https://book.douban.com/subject/26707144/)
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> 一些人遇到问题时会认为，“我知道了，我会用正则表达式。”现在它们有两个问题了。
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>
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> Jamie Zawinski
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>
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> Yuan-Ma said, 'When you cut against the grain of the wood, much strength is needed. When you program against the grain of the problem, much code is needed.'
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>
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> Master Yuan-Ma，《The Book of Programming》
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程序设计工具技术的发展与传播方式是在混乱中不断进化。在此过程中获胜的往往不是优雅或杰出的一方，而是那些瞄准主流市场，并能够填补市场需求的，或者碰巧与另一种成功的技术集成在一起的工具技术。
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本章将会讨论正则表达式（regular expression）这种工具。正则表达式是一种描述字符串数据模式的方法。它们形成了一种小而独立的语言，也是 JavaScript 和许多其他语言和系统的一部分。
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@ -14,7 +30,7 @@
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正则表达式是一种对象类型。我们可以使用两种方法来构造正则表达式：一是使用`RegExp`构造器构造一个正则表达式对象；二是使用斜杠（`/`）字符将模式包围起来，生成一个字面值。
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```
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```js
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let re1 = new RegExp("abc");
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let re2 = /abc/;
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```
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@ -25,7 +41,7 @@ let re2 = /abc/;
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第二种写法将模式写在斜杠之间，处理反斜杠的方式与第一种方法略有差别。首先，由于斜杠会结束整个模式，因此模式中包含斜杠时，需在斜杠前加上反斜杠。此外，如果反斜杠不是特殊字符代码（比如`\n`）的一部分，则会保留反斜杠，不像字符串中会将其忽略，也不会改变模式的含义。一些字符，比如问号、加号在正则表达式中有特殊含义，如果你想要表示其字符本身，需要在字符前加上反斜杠。
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```
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```js
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let eighteenPlus = /eighteen\+/;
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```
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@ -33,7 +49,7 @@ let eighteenPlus = /eighteen\+/;
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正则表达式对象有许多方法。其中最简单的就是`test`方法。`test`方法接受用户传递的字符串，并返回一个布尔值，表示字符串中是否包含能与表达式模式匹配的字符串。
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```
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```js
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console.log(/abc/.test("abcde"));
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// → true
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console.log(/abc/.test("abxde"));
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@ -50,7 +66,7 @@ console.log(/abc/.test("abxde"));
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下面两个表达式都可以匹配包含数字的字符串。
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```
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```js
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console.log(/[0123456789]/.test("in 1992"));
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// → true
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console.log(/[0-9]/.test("in 1992"));
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@ -77,7 +93,7 @@ console.log(/[0-9]/.test("in 1992"));
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因此你可以使用下面的表达式匹配类似于`30-01-2003 15:20`这样的日期数字格式：
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```
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```js
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let dateTime = /\d\d-\d\d-\d\d\d\d \d\d:\d\d/;
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console.log(dateTime.test("30-01-2003 15:20"));
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// → true
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@ -91,7 +107,7 @@ console.log(dateTime.test("30-jan-2003 15:20"));
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你可以在左方括号后添加脱字符（`^`）来排除某个字符集，即表示不匹配这组字符中的任何字符。
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```
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```js
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let notBinary = /[^01]/;
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console.log(notBinary.test("1100100010100110"));
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// → false
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@ -105,7 +121,7 @@ console.log(notBinary.test("1100100010200110"));
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在正则表达式某个元素后面添加一个加号（`+`），表示该元素至少重复一次。因此`/\d+/`可以匹配一个或多个数字字符。
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```
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```js
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console.log(/'\d+'/.test("'123'"));
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// → true
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console.log(/'\d+'/.test("''"));
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@ -120,7 +136,7 @@ console.log(/'\d*'/.test("''"));
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元素后面跟一个问号表示这部分模式“可选”，即模式可能出现 0 次或 1 次。下面的例子可以匹配`neighbour`（`u`出现1次），也可以匹配`neighbor`（`u`没有出现）。
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```
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```js
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let neighbor = /neighbou?r/;
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console.log(neighbor.test("neighbour"));
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// → true
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@ -132,7 +148,7 @@ console.log(neighbor.test("neighbor"));
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这里给出另一个版本的正则表达式，可以匹配日期、月份、小时，每个数字都可以是一位或两位数字。这种形式更易于解释。
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```
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```js
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let dateTime = /\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}-\d{4} \d{1,2}:\d{2}/;
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console.log(dateTime.test("30-1-2003 8:45"));
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// → true
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@ -144,7 +160,7 @@ console.log(dateTime.test("30-1-2003 8:45"));
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为了一次性对多个元素使用`*`或者`+`，那么你必须使用圆括号，创建一个分组。对于后面的操作符来说，圆括号里的表达式算作单个元素。
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```
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```js
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let cartoonCrying = /boo+(hoo+)+/i;
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console.log(cartoonCrying.test("Boohoooohoohooo"));
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// → true
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@ -158,7 +174,7 @@ console.log(cartoonCrying.test("Boohoooohoohooo"));
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`test`方法是匹配正则表达式最简单的方法。该方法只负责判断字符串是否与某个模式匹配。正则表达式还有一个`exec`（执行，execute）方法，如果无法匹配模式则返回`null`，否则返回一个表示匹配字符串信息的对象。
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```
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```js
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let match = /\d+/.exec("one two 100");
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console.log(match);
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// → ["100"]
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@ -170,14 +186,14 @@ console.log(match.index);
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字符串也有一个类似的match方法。
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```
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```js
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console.log("one two 100".match(/\d+/));
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// → ["100"]
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```
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若正则表达式包含使用圆括号包围的子表达式分组，与这些分组匹配的文本也会出现在数组中。第一个元素是与整个模式匹配的字符串，其后是与第一个分组匹配的部分字符串（表达式中第一次出现左圆括号的那部分），然后是第二个分组。
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```
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```js
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let quotedText = /'([^']*)'/;
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console.log(quotedText.exec("she said 'hello'"));
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// → ["'hello'", "hello"]
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@ -185,7 +201,7 @@ console.log(quotedText.exec("she said 'hello'"));
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若分组最后没有匹配任何字符串（例如在元组后加上一个问号），结果数组中与该分组对应的元素将是`undefined`。类似的，若分组匹配了多个元素，则数组中只包含最后一个匹配项。
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```
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```js
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console.log(/bad(ly)?/.exec("bad"));
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// → ["bad", undefined]
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console.log(/(\d)+/.exec("123"));
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@ -200,14 +216,14 @@ console.log(/(\d)+/.exec("123"));
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JavaScript 提供了用于表示日期的标准类，我们甚至可以用其表示时间点。该类型名为`Date`。如果使用`new`创建一个`Date`对象，你会得到当前的日期和时间。
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```
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```js
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console.log(new Date());
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// → Mon Nov 13 2017 16:19:11 GMT+0100 (CET)
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```
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你也可以创建表示特定时间的对象。
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```
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```js
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console.log(new Date(2009, 11, 9));
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// → Wed Dec 09 2009 00:00:00 GMT+0100 (CET)
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console.log(new Date(2009, 11, 9, 12, 59, 59, 999));
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@ -220,7 +236,7 @@ JavaScript 中约定是：使用从 0 开始的数字表示月份（因此使用
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时间戳存储为 UTC 时区中 1970 年以来的毫秒数。 这遵循一个由“Unix 时间”设定的约定，该约定是在那个时候发明的。 你可以对 1970 年以前的时间使用负数。 日期对象上的`getTime`方法返回这个数字。 你可以想象它会很大。
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```
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```js
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console.log(new Date(2013, 11, 19).getTime());
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// → 1387407600000
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console.log(new Date(1387407600000));
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@ -233,7 +249,7 @@ console.log(new Date(1387407600000));
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通过在希望捕获的那部分模式字符串两边加上圆括号，我们可以从字符串中创建对应的`Date`对象。
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```
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```js
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function getDate(string) {
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let [_, day, month, year] =
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/(\d{1,2})-(\d{1,2})-(\d{4})/.exec(string);
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@ -253,7 +269,7 @@ console.log(getDate("30-1-2003"));
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另一方面，如果我们想要确保日期字符串起始结束位置在单词边界上，可以使用`\b`标记。所谓单词边界，指的是起始和结束位置都是单词字符（也就是`\w`代表的字符集合），而起始位置的前一个字符以及结束位置的后一个字符不是单词字符。
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```
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```js
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console.log(/cat/.test("concatenate"));
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// → true
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console.log(/\bcat\b/.test("concatenate"));
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@ -268,7 +284,7 @@ console.log(/\bcat\b/.test("concatenate"));
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那么我们可以编写三个正则表达式并轮流测试，但还有一种更好的方式。管道符号（`|`）表示从其左侧的模式和右侧的模式任意选择一个进行匹配。因此代码如下所示。
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```
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```js
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let animalCount = /\b\d+ (pig|cow|chicken)s?\b/;
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console.log(animalCount.test("15 pigs"));
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// → true
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@ -284,7 +300,7 @@ console.log(animalCount.test("15 pigchickens"));
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为了进行实际的匹配，引擎会像处理流程图一样处理正则表达式。 这是上例中用于家畜表达式的图表：
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如果我们可以找到一条从图表左侧通往图表右侧的路径，则可以说“表达式产生了匹配”。我们保存在字符串中的当前位置，每移动通过一个盒子，就验证当前位置之后的部分字符串是否与该盒子匹配。
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@ -306,21 +322,19 @@ console.log(animalCount.test("15 pigchickens"));
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正则表达式`/\b([01]+b|\d+|[\da-f]h)\b/`可以匹配三种字符串：以`b`结尾的二进制数字，以`h`结尾的十六进制数字（即以 16 为进制，字母`a`到`f`表示数字 10 到 15），或者没有后缀字符的常规十进制数字。这是对应的图表。
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![]()
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当匹配该表达式时，常常会发生一种情况：输入的字符串进入上方（二进制）分支的匹配过程，但输入中并不包含二进制数字。我们以匹配字符串`"103"`为例，匹配过程只有遇到字符 3 时才知道进入了错误分支。该字符串匹配我们给出的表达式，但没有匹配目前应当处于的分支。
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因此匹配器执行“回溯”。进入一个分支时，匹配器会记住当前位置（在本例中，是在字符串起始，刚刚通过图中第一个表示边界的盒子），因此若当前分支无法匹配，可以回退并尝试另一条分支。对于字符串`"103"`，遇到字符 3 之后，它会开始尝试匹配十六进制数字的分支，它会再次失败，因为数字后面没有`h`。所以它尝试匹配进制数字的分支，由于这条分支可以匹配，因此匹配器最后的会返回十进制数的匹配信息。
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一旦字符串与模式完全匹配，匹配器就会停止。这意味着多个分支都可能匹配一个字符串，但匹配器最后只会使用第一条分支（按照出现在正则表达式中的出现顺序排序）。
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回溯也会发生在处理重复模式运算符（比如`+`和`*`）时。如果使用`"abcxe"`匹配`/^.*x/`，`.*`部分，首先尝试匹配整个字符串，接着引擎发现匹配模式还需要一个字符`x`。由于字符串结尾没有`x`，因此`*`运算符尝试少匹配一个字符。但匹配器依然无法在`abcx`之后找到`x`字符，因此它会再次回溯，此时`*`运算符只匹配`abc`。现在匹配器发现了所需的`x`，接着报告从位置 0 到位置 4 匹配成功。
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我们有可能编写需要大量回溯的正则表达式。当模式能够以许多种不同方式匹配输入的一部分时，这种问题就会出现。例如，若我们在编写匹配二进制数字的正则表达式时，一时糊涂，可能会写出诸如`/([01]+)+b/`之类的表达式。
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若我们尝试匹配一些只由 0 与 1 组成的长序列，匹配器首先会不断执行内部循环，直到它发现没有数字为止。接下来匹配器注意到，这里不存在`b`，因此向前回溯一个位置，开始执行外部循环，接着再次放弃，再次尝试执行一次内部循环。该过程会尝试这两个循环的所有可能路径。这意味着每多出一个字符，其工作量就会加倍。甚至只需较少的一堆字符，就可使匹配实际上永不停息地执行下去。
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@ -328,14 +342,14 @@ console.log(animalCount.test("15 pigchickens"));
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字符串有一个`replace`方法，该方法可用于将字符串中的一部分替换为另一个字符串。
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```
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```js
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console.log("papa".replace("p", "m"));
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// → mapa
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```
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该方法第一个参数也可以是正则表达式，这种情况下会替换正则表达式首先匹配的部分字符串。若在正则表达式后追加`g`选项（全局，Global），该方法会替换字符串中所有匹配项，而不是只替换第一个。
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```
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```js
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console.log("Borobudur".replace(/[ou]/, "a"));
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// → Barobudur
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console.log("Borobudur".replace(/[ou]/g, "a"));
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@ -346,7 +360,7 @@ console.log("Borobudur".replace(/[ou]/g, "a"));
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如果我们在替换字符串中使用元组，就可以体现出`replace`方法的真实威力。例如，假设我们有一个规模很大的字符串，包含了人的名字，每个名字占据一行，名字格式为“姓，名”。若我们想要交换姓名，并移除中间的逗号（转变成“名，姓”这种格式），我们可以使用下面的代码：
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```
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```js
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console.log(
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"Liskov, Barbara\nMcCarthy, John\nWadler, Philip"
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.replace(/(\w+), (\w+)/g, "$2 $1"));
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@ -361,7 +375,7 @@ console.log(
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这里给出一个小示例：
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```
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```js
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let s = "the cia and fbi";
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console.log(s.replace(/\b(fbi|cia)\b/g,
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str => str.toUpperCase()));
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@ -370,7 +384,7 @@ console.log(s.replace(/\b(fbi|cia)\b/g,
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这里给出另一个值得讨论的示例：
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```
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```js
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let stock = "1 lemon, 2 cabbages, and 101 eggs";
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function minusOne(match, amount, unit) {
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amount = Number(amount) - 1;
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@ -393,7 +407,7 @@ console.log(stock.replace(/(\d+) (\w+)/g, minusOne));
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使用`replace`编写一个函数移除 JavaScript 代码中的所有注释也是可能的。这里我们尝试一下：
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```
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```js
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function stripComments(code) {
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return code.replace(/\/\/.*|\/\*[^]*\*\//g, "");
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}
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@ -417,7 +431,7 @@ console.log(stripComments("1 /* a */+/* b */ 1"));
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而这便是我们想要的情况。通过让星号尽量少地匹配字符，我们可以匹配第一个`*/`，进而匹配一个块注释，而不会匹配过多内容。
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```
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```js
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function stripComments(code) {
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return code.replace(/\/\/.*|\/\*[^]*?\*\//g, "");
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}
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@ -435,7 +449,7 @@ console.log(stripComments("1 /* a */+/* b */ 1"));
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这里给出一个示例。
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|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let name = "harry";
|
||||
let text = "Harry is a suspicious character.";
|
||||
let regexp = new RegExp("\\b(" + name + ")\\b", "gi");
|
||||
@ -449,7 +463,7 @@ console.log(text.replace(regexp, "_$1_"));
|
||||
|
||||
为了能够处理这种情况，我们可以在任何有特殊含义的字符前添加反斜杠。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let name = "dea+hl[]rd";
|
||||
let text = "This dea+hl[]rd guy is super annoying.";
|
||||
let escaped = name.replace(/[^\w\s]/g, "\\$&");
|
||||
@ -464,7 +478,7 @@ console.log(text.replace(regexp, "_><_"));
|
||||
|
||||
但还有一个`search`方法，调用该方法时需要传递一个正则表达式。类似于`indexOf`，该方法会返回首先匹配的表达式的索引，若没有找到则返回 –1。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
console.log(" word".search(/\S/));
|
||||
// → 2
|
||||
console.log(" ".search(/\S/));
|
||||
@ -481,7 +495,7 @@ console.log(" ".search(/\S/));
|
||||
|
||||
所谓的极少数情况，指的是当正则表达式启用了全局（`g`）或者粘性（`y`），并且使用`exec`匹配模式的时候。此外，另一个解决方案应该是向`exec`传递的额外参数，但 JavaScript 的正则表达式接口能设计得如此合理才是怪事。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let pattern = /y/g;
|
||||
pattern.lastIndex = 3;
|
||||
let match = pattern.exec("xyzzy");
|
||||
@ -495,7 +509,7 @@ console.log(pattern.lastIndex);
|
||||
|
||||
全局和粘性选项之间的区别在于，启用粘性时，仅当匹配直接从`lastIndex`开始时，搜索才会成功，而全局搜索中，它会搜索匹配可能起始的所有位置。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let global = /abc/g;
|
||||
console.log(global.exec("xyz abc"));
|
||||
// → ["abc"]
|
||||
@ -506,7 +520,7 @@ console.log(sticky.exec("xyz abc"));
|
||||
|
||||
对多个`exec`调用使用共享的正则表达式值时，这些`lastIndex`属性的自动更新可能会导致问题。 你的正则表达式可能意外地在之前的调用留下的索引处开始。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let digit = /\d/g;
|
||||
console.log(digit.exec("here it is: 1"));
|
||||
// → ["1"]
|
||||
@ -516,7 +530,7 @@ console.log(digit.exec("and now: 1"));
|
||||
|
||||
全局选项还有一个值得深思的效果，它会改变`match`匹配字符串的工作方式。如果调用`match`时使用了全局表达式，不像`exec`返回的数组，`match`会找出所有匹配模式的字符串，并返回一个包含所有匹配字符串的数组。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
console.log("Banana".match(/an/g));
|
||||
// → ["an", "an"]
|
||||
```
|
||||
@ -527,7 +541,7 @@ console.log("Banana".match(/an/g));
|
||||
|
||||
一个常见的事情是，找出字符串中所有模式的出现位置，这种情况下，我们可以在循环中使用`lastIndex`和`exec`访问匹配的对象。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let input = "A string with 3 numbers in it... 42 and 88.";
|
||||
let number = /\b(\d+)\b/g;
|
||||
let match;
|
||||
@ -576,7 +590,7 @@ outputdir=/home/marijn/enemies/davaeorn
|
||||
|
||||
由于我们需要逐行处理这种格式的文件，因此预处理时最好将文件分割成一行行文本。我们使用第 6 章中的`string.split("\n")`来分割文件内容。但是一些操作系统并非使用换行符来分隔行，而是使用回车符加换行符（`"\r\n"`）。考虑到这点，我们也可以使用正则表达式作为`split`方法的参数，我们使用类似于`/\r?\n/`的正则表达式，这样可以同时支持`"\n"`和`"\r\n"`两种分隔符。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
function parseINI(string) {
|
||||
// Start with an object to hold the top-level fields
|
||||
let currentSection = {name: null, fields: []};
|
||||
@ -618,7 +632,7 @@ city=Tessaloniki`));
|
||||
|
||||
另一个问题是，默认情况下，正则表达式使用代码单元，而不是实际的字符，正如第 5 章中所讨论的那样。 这意味着由两个代码单元组成的字符表现很奇怪。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
console.log(/\ud83c\udf4e{3}/.test("\ud83c\udf4e\ud83c\udf4e\ud83c\udf4e"));
|
||||
// → false
|
||||
console.log(/<.>/.test("<\ud83c\udf39>"));
|
||||
@ -633,7 +647,7 @@ console.log(/<.>/u.test("<\ud83c\udf39>"));
|
||||
|
||||
尽管这是刚刚标准化的，在撰写本文时尚未得到广泛支持，但可以在正则表达式中使用`\p`（必须启用 Unicode 选项）以匹配 Unicode 标准分配了给定属性的所有字符。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
console.log(/\p{Script=Greek}/u.test("α"));
|
||||
// → true
|
||||
console.log(/\p{Script=Arabic}/u.test("α"));
|
||||
@ -720,7 +734,7 @@ Code Golf 是一种游戏，尝试尽量用最少的字符来描述特定程序
|
||||
|
||||
需要帮助时，请参考本章总结中的表格。使用少量测试字符串来测试每个解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
// Fill in the regular expressions
|
||||
|
||||
verify(/.../,
|
||||
@ -770,7 +784,7 @@ function verify(regexp, yes, no) {
|
||||
|
||||
思考一下可以区分这两种引号用法的模式，并手动调用`replace`方法进行正确替换。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
let text = "'I'm the cook,' he said, 'it's my job.'";
|
||||
// Change this call.
|
||||
console.log(text.replace(/A/g, "B"));
|
||||
@ -781,7 +795,7 @@ console.log(text.replace(/A/g, "B"));
|
||||
|
||||
编写一个表达式，只匹配 JavaScript 风格的数字。支持数字前可选的正号与负号、十进制小数点、指数计数法（`5e-3`或`1E10`，指数前也需要支持可选的符号）。也请注意小数点前或小数点后的数字也是不必要的，但数字不能只有小数点。例如`.5`和`5.`都是合法的 JavaScript 数字，但单个点则不是。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```js
|
||||
// Fill in this regular expression.
|
||||
let number = /^...$/;
|
||||
|
||||
|
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BIN
img/9-0.jpg
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BIN
img/9-0.jpg
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307
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id="path60"/>
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<circle
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cx="160"
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cy="81"
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r="5"
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id="circle62"
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transform="matrix(1.3427496,0,0,1.3427496,-5.3709984,-17.079408)" />
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 5.4 KiB |
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user